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Mass murder (sometimes interchangeable with "mass destruction") is the act of murdering several or more people, typically simultaneously or over a relatively short period of time.〔Aggrawal A. (2005) ''Mass Murder''. In: Payne-James JJ, Byard RW, Corey TS, Henderson C (Eds.) ''Encyclopedia of Forensic and Legal Medicine'', Vol. 3, Pp. 216-223. Elsevier Academic Press, London〕 The FBI defines mass murder as murdering three or more persons during an event with no "cooling-off period" between the murders. A mass murder typically occurs in a single location where one or more people kill several others.〔See pages 7-9: https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2014/september/fbi-releases-study-on-active-shooter-incidents/pdfs/a-study-of-active-shooter-incidents-in-the-u.s.-between-2000-and-2013.〕〔(''Clues to Mass Rampage Killers: Deep Backstage, Hidden Arsenal, Clandestine Excitement'' ), Randall Collins, The Sociological Eye, September 1, 2012〕 Many acts of mass murder end with the perpetrator(s) dying by suicide or suicide by cop.〔 A mass murder may be committed by individuals or organizations whereas a spree killing is committed by one or two individuals. Mass murderers differ from spree killers, who kill at two or more locations with almost no time break between murders and are not defined by the number of victims, and serial killers, who may kill people over long periods of time. Mass murder is the hypernym of genocide, which requires additional criteria. Mass murder is also defined as the intentional and indiscriminate murder of a large number of people by government agents; for example, shooting unarmed protestors, throwing grenades into prison cells, and randomly executing civilians.〔R. J. Rummel, Irving Louis Horowitz, ''Death by Government'', Page 35, ISBN 1-56000-927-6〕 The largest mass killings in history have been governmental attempts to exterminate entire groups or communities of people, often on the basis of ethnicity or religion. Some of these mass murders have been found to be genocides and others to be crimes against humanity, but often such crimes have led to few or no convictions of any type. ==Mass murder by a state== The concept of state-sponsored mass murder covers a range of potential killings. It is defined as the intentional and indiscriminate murder of a large number of people by government agents. Examples are shooting of unarmed protestors, lobbing of grenades into prison cells, and random execution of civilians. Other examples of state-sponsored mass murder include: * Deliberate massacres of captives or civilians during wartime by the state's military forces, such as these committed by Genghiz Khan, the Golden Horde, the troops of Vlad the Impaler, the Empire of Japan, the Soviet Union, and Nazi Germany during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II: the Nanjing Massacre, the Katyn Forest Massacre of Polish citizens in 1940 and the massacres of political prisoners after the launch of Operation Barbarossa, the Three Alls Policy, the massacre of Soviet Jews at Babi Yar, the mass murder of the Hungarian and German population in Vojvodina in the "Vengeance of Bacska, the murder of 24 unarmed villagers by British troops in the Batang Kali massacre during the Malayan Emergency, the murder of Vietnamese civilians by American soldiers in the My Lai Massacre during the Vietnam War, and in recent times mass murder of civilian eg.Al-Qubeir massacre in Syria by the Syrian army during the Syrian Civil War. * Actions in which the state caused the death of large numbers of people, which political scientist R. J. Rummel calls "democide", which, in addition to the cases above, may include man-made disasters caused by the state, such as the Holodomor in the Soviet Union,〔R.J. Rummel. (Chapter 1: 61,911,000 Victims: Utopianism Empowered )〕 the Khmer Rouge years in Cambodia, the mass killings in Indonesia during Suharto's rise to power, and the famines and poverty caused by the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution in the People's Republic of China. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mass murder」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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